1、端口映射实现访问容器

1.从外部访问容器应用

在启动容器的时候，如果不指定对应的参数，在容器外部是无法通过网络来访问容器内部的网络应用和服务的。

当容器中运行一些网络应用，要让外部访问这些应用时，可以通过-p或-P参数来指定端口映射。当使用-P(大写P)标记时，Docker会随机映射一个端口到内部容器开放的网络端口(端口范围在Linux系统使用的端口之外，一般都过万)：

[root@docker ~]# docker run -d --name nginx_1 -P nginx:latest 
f769af3e98478b27b87e008f3ad785e2055da4047442c4a8dcb8f621f810dbea
[root@docker ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE        COMMAND         CREATED       STATUS       PORTS          NAMES
f769af3e9847    nginx:latest    "nginx -g 'daemon ..."  3 seconds ago    Up 2 seconds    0.0.0.0:32768->80/tcp  nginx_1
[root@docker ~]#

通过docker ps可以看到nginx_1容器的80端口被映射到本机的32768端口上。访问宿主主机的32768端口就可以访问容器内的应用程序提供的Web界面：

同样，可以通过docker logs命令查看应用信息：

[root@docker ~]# docker logs nginx_1
10.0.0.253 - - [29/Nov/2017:06:25:38 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 612 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:57.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/57.0" "-"
10.0.0.253 - - [29/Nov/2017:06:25:39 +0000] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 169 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:57.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/57.0" "-"
2017/11/29 06:25:39 [error] 5#5: *1 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/favicon.ico" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 10.0.0.253, server: localhost, request: "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1", host: "10.0.0.31:32768"
10.0.0.253 - - [29/Nov/2017:06:25:39 +0000] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 169 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:57.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/57.0" "-"
2017/11/29 06:25:39 [error] 5#5: *1 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/favicon.ico" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 10.0.0.253, server: localhost, request: "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1", host: "10.0.0.31:32768"
10.0.0.253 - - [29/Nov/2017:06:26:55 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 612 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36" "-"
10.0.0.253 - - [29/Nov/2017:06:26:56 +0000] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 571 "http://10.0.0.31:32768/" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36" "-"
2017/11/29 06:26:56 [error] 5#5: *2 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/favicon.ico" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 10.0.0.253, server: localhost, request: "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1", host: "10.0.0.31:32768", referrer: "http://10.0.0.31:32768/"
[root@docker ~]# 

-p(小写p)可以指定要映射的端口，并且在一个指定的端口上只可以绑定一个容器。支持的格式有：IP:HostPort:ContainerPort | IP::ContainerPort | HostPort:ContainerPort 。

2.映射所有接口地址

使用HostPort:ContainerPort格式将本地的5000端口映射到容器的5000端口：

[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd -p 5000:5000 --name nginx_2 nginx:latest 
5bdca2bde33d7db72861399ca49e82f0d209d13289d20b181843da5b10e6f2d3
[root@docker ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE        COMMAND         CREATED       STATUS       PORTS              NAMES
5bdca2bde33d    nginx:latest    "nginx -g 'daemon ..."  8 seconds ago    Up 7 seconds    80/tcp, 0.0.0.0:5000->5000/tcp  nginx_2
f769af3e9847    nginx:latest    "nginx -g 'daemon ..."  15 minutes ago   Up 15 minutes    0.0.0.0:32768->80/tcp      nginx_1
[root@docker ~]# 

此时默认会绑定本地所有接口上的所有地址。多次使用-p参数可以绑定多个端口：

[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd -p 3000:2700 -p 2389:8863 --name nginx_3 nginx:latest 
65fbfbe9761eb5146501311016d681f210b1891ca5f5af62dc978ad6f2a22750
[root@docker ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE        COMMAND         CREATED       STATUS       PORTS                          NAMES
65fbfbe9761e    nginx:latest    "nginx -g 'daemon ..."  3 seconds ago    Up 2 seconds    80/tcp, 0.0.0.0:3000->2700/tcp, 0.0.0.0:2389->8863/tcp  nginx_3
5bdca2bde33d    nginx:latest    "nginx -g 'daemon ..."  2 minutes ago    Up 2 minutes    80/tcp, 0.0.0.0:5000->5000/tcp              nginx_2
f769af3e9847    nginx:latest    "nginx -g 'daemon ..."  18 minutes ago   Up 18 minutes    0.0.0.0:32768->80/tcp                  nginx_1
[root@docker ~]# 

3.映射到指定地址的指定端口

可以使用IP:HostPort:ContainerPort格式指定映射使用一个特定地址：

[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd -p 10.0.0.31:89:8081 --name nginx_4 nginx:latest 
16a476837222d413926053e1c8175c993b0495732073fbc6251dfd4696db8242
[root@docker ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE        COMMAND         CREATED       STATUS       PORTS                          NAMES
16a476837222    nginx:latest    "nginx -g 'daemon ..."  4 seconds ago    Up 3 seconds    80/tcp, 10.0.0.31:89->8081/tcp              nginx_4
65fbfbe9761e    nginx:latest    "nginx -g 'daemon ..."  2 minutes ago    Up 2 minutes    80/tcp, 0.0.0.0:3000->2700/tcp, 0.0.0.0:2389->8863/tcp  nginx_3
5bdca2bde33d    nginx:latest    "nginx -g 'daemon ..."  5 minutes ago    Up 5 minutes    80/tcp, 0.0.0.0:5000->5000/tcp              nginx_2
f769af3e9847    nginx:latest    "nginx -g 'daemon ..."  20 minutes ago   Up 20 minutes    0.0.0.0:32768->80/tcp                  nginx_1
[root@docker ~]# 

4.映射到指定地址的任意端口